This study examines the diagnosis of adjustment disorder in DSM-III-R. In view of the methodological problems associated with this, we investigated clinical characteristics of patients to whom the diagnosis had been applied. The patients in question were treated at the University Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic in Lausanne, Switzerland (N = 1,308). Four groups of comparisons are made: between adjustment disorder, other diagnoses, and no diagnosis; between adjustment disorder with depressed mood and other mood disorders; between adjustment disorder with anxious mood and anxiety disorders; and between the clinical subdivisions of adjustment disorder. This diagnosis is characterized by a high number of marital stressors, low age, predominance of women, and short period of treatment. The clinical profile is marked by a predominance of depressive and mixed types, and the relationship between these is demonstrated. Finally, the course of a certain proportion of these disorders goes beyond the 6-month period stipulated by DSM-III-R. This result justifies the modifications introduced in DSM-IV.