Socio-cognitive conflict arises when people hold different views or ideas about the same object, and has the potential to promote learning, cognitive development and positive social relations. The promotion of these outcomes, however, depends on how the conflict is regulated and with what goals: Mastery goals predict epistemic conflict regulation and the elaboration of multiple ideas; performance-approach goals predict competitive conflict regulation and the promotion of one’s own ideas; performance-avoidance goals predict protective conflict regulation and the yielding to others’ ideas. Conflict regulation thus determines the conditions under which confronting diverging ideas results in positive cognitive and relational outcomes.