Despite the advances in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of chronic low back pain, treatment remains challenging in clinical practice. In this article we are focusing on the neuropathic component of chronic low back pain. Indeed, depending on which diagnostic tools are used, 16-55% of patients suffering from chronic low back pain present a neuropathic component. We here expose the specific mechanisms of neuropathic pain, the diagnostic tools available for their detection as well as the specific treatment options.