Le nouvel esprit du tirage au sort. Principes démocratiques et représentation politique des mini-publics délibératifs
Details
Serval ID
serval:BIB_8DBCE33A68DA
Type
PhD thesis: a PhD thesis.
Collection
Publications
Institution
Title
Le nouvel esprit du tirage au sort. Principes démocratiques et représentation politique des mini-publics délibératifs
Director(s)
LERESCHE Jean-Philippe
Codirector(s)
SINTOMER Yves
Institution details
Université de Lausanne, Faculté des sciences sociales et politiques
Publication state
Accepted
Issued date
2022
Language
french
Abstract
Le retour du tirage au sort en politique est désormais un phénomène social mondial, alimenté par de nombreux travaux académiques, revendications militantes et expérimentations démocratiques. Les mini-publics délibératifs regroupent des citoyens tirés au sort qui auditionnent des experts et débattent pour faire des recommandations de politiques publiques. Pourquoi le tirage au sort est-il mis en avant à la fois par des élites modérées pro-élection et par des activistes souhaitant une démocratie radicale ? Quelle dynamique politique les usages contemporains du tirage au sort favorisent-ils, un renforcement oligarchique ou bien démocratique ? Cette thèse réalise une analyse comparative basée sur des enquêtes qualitatives portant sur,: les assemblées citoyennes irlandaises (Irlande), la Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat, le Grand Débat National, et le groupe citoyen du CESE (France). Quatre axes sont étudiés : la genèse des mini-publics, leurs fonctionnements, leurs effets et légitimités, ainsi que leurs institutionnalisations. Cette recherche révèle que les mini-publics sont traversés par une profonde ambigüité, à la fois innovation réclamée par le bas visant à renouveler la démocratie mais aussi recours stratégique pour les gouvernants face à une crise ; à la fois espace d'empowerment citoyen mais aussi dispositif étroitement contrôlé ; à la fois porteur de transformations politiques mais aussi outil aux impacts relativement restreints. On avance la proposition qu'un nouvel esprit du tirage au sort reposant sur la « légitimité-humilité » pourrait expliquer en partie les soutiens paradoxaux dont la sortition bénéficie. Les critiques de l'élection soutiennent le tirage au sort car la légitimité-humilité peut contribuer à la non-domination des représentés. Cependant, les partisans du gouvernement représentatif voient dans la légitimité faible des mini-publics consultatifs le moyen d'intégrer la critique sans menacer les fondements du système élitiste. Toutefois, la légitimité-humilité est potentiellement menacée par une revendication klérocratique affirmant la souveraineté de l'assemblée tirée au sort. Au final, à l'avenir des modèles institutionnels hybrides sont plus probables, afin de maintenir partiellement « l'accord imparfaitement théorisé» dont le tirage au sort fait l'objet.
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The return of sortition to politics is now a global social phenomenon, fueled by numerous academic studies, activist claims and democratic experiments. Deliberative mini-publics bring together randomly selected citizens to hear experts and debate to make public policy recommendations. Why is sortition being promoted by both moderate pro-election elites and activists seeking radical democracy? What political dynamics do contemporary uses of the civic lottery promote, oligarchie or democratic reinforcement? This thesis conducts a comparative analysis based on qualitative fieldwork case studies of: the Irish Citizens' Assemblies (Ireland), the Citizen Convention for Climate, the Great National Debate, and the CESE's citizen group (France). Four axes are studied: the genesis of the mini-publics, their operation, their effects and legitimacies, and their institutionalizations. This research reveals that mini-publics are crossed by a deep ambiguity, at the same time innovation claimed by the bottom aiming at renewing the democracy but also strategic creation to help the rulers facing a crisis; at the same time space of citizen empowerment but also tightly controlled device; at the same time bearer of political transformations but also tool with relatively restricted impacts. This thesis put forwards the proposition that a new spirit of sortition based on "humility-legitimacy" might explain in part the paradoxical support that drawing lots enjoys. Critics of election support sortition because humility-legitimacy can contribute to the non-domination of the represented. However, proponents ofrepresentative government see the weak legitimacy of consultative mini-publics as a way to incorporate criticism without threatening the foundations of the elitist system. However, humility-legitimacy is potentially threatened by a klerocratic claim to the sovereignty of the randomly selected assembly. In the end, hybrid institutional models are more likely in the future, as they partially maintain the "imperfectly theorized agreement" of the sortition.
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The return of sortition to politics is now a global social phenomenon, fueled by numerous academic studies, activist claims and democratic experiments. Deliberative mini-publics bring together randomly selected citizens to hear experts and debate to make public policy recommendations. Why is sortition being promoted by both moderate pro-election elites and activists seeking radical democracy? What political dynamics do contemporary uses of the civic lottery promote, oligarchie or democratic reinforcement? This thesis conducts a comparative analysis based on qualitative fieldwork case studies of: the Irish Citizens' Assemblies (Ireland), the Citizen Convention for Climate, the Great National Debate, and the CESE's citizen group (France). Four axes are studied: the genesis of the mini-publics, their operation, their effects and legitimacies, and their institutionalizations. This research reveals that mini-publics are crossed by a deep ambiguity, at the same time innovation claimed by the bottom aiming at renewing the democracy but also strategic creation to help the rulers facing a crisis; at the same time space of citizen empowerment but also tightly controlled device; at the same time bearer of political transformations but also tool with relatively restricted impacts. This thesis put forwards the proposition that a new spirit of sortition based on "humility-legitimacy" might explain in part the paradoxical support that drawing lots enjoys. Critics of election support sortition because humility-legitimacy can contribute to the non-domination of the represented. However, proponents ofrepresentative government see the weak legitimacy of consultative mini-publics as a way to incorporate criticism without threatening the foundations of the elitist system. However, humility-legitimacy is potentially threatened by a klerocratic claim to the sovereignty of the randomly selected assembly. In the end, hybrid institutional models are more likely in the future, as they partially maintain the "imperfectly theorized agreement" of the sortition.
Create date
29/08/2022 11:49
Last modification date
30/08/2022 5:41