Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol.
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Title
Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol.
Journal
Nature
Working group(s)
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-Risk)
Contributor(s)
Zhou B., Bixby H., Carrillo-Larco R.M., Danaei G., Jackson R.T., Farzadfar F., Sophiea M.K., Di Cesare M., Iurilli MLC, Martinez A.R., Asghari G., Dhana K., Gulayin P., Kakarmath S., Santero M., Voortman T., Riley L.M., Cowan M.J., Savin S., Bennett J.E., Stevens G.A., Paciorek C.J., Aekplakorn W., Cifkova R., Giampaoli S., Kengne A.P., Khang Y.H., Kuulasmaa K., Laxmaiah A., Margozzini P., Mathur P., Nordestgaard B.G., Zhao D., Aadahl M., Abarca-Gómez L., Rahim H.A., Abu-Rmeileh N.M., Acosta-Cazares B., Adams R.J., Agdeppa I.A., Aghazadeh-Attari J., Aguilar-Salinas C.A., Agyemang C., Ahluwalia T.S., Ahmad N.A., Ahmadi A., Ahmadi N., Ahmed S.H., Ahrens W., Ajlouni K., Alarouj M., AlBuhairan F., AlDhukair S., Ali M.M., Alkandari A., Alkerwi A., Aly E., Amarapurkar D.N., Amouyel P., Andersen L.B., Anderssen S.A., Anjana R.M., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Aounallah-Skhiri H., Araújo J., Ariansen I., Aris T., Arku R.E., Arlappa N., Aryal K.K., Aspelund T., Assunção MCF, Auvinen J., Avdicová M., Azevedo A., Azizi F., Azmin M., Balakrishna N., Bamoshmoosh M., Banach M., Bandosz P., Banegas J.R., Barbagallo C.M., Barceló A., Barkat A., Bata I., Batieha A.M., Batyrbek A., Baur L.A., Beaglehole R., Belavendra A., Ben Romdhane H., Benet M., Benn M., Berkinbayev S., Bernabe-Ortiz A., Bernotiene G., Bettiol H., Bhargava S.K., Bi Y., Bienek A., Bikbov M., Bista B., Bjerregaard P., Bjertness E., Bjertness M.B., Björkelund C., Bloch K.V., Blokstra A., Bo S., Boehm B.O., Boggia J.G., Boissonnet C.P., Bonaccio M., Bongard V., Borchini R., Borghs H., Bovet P., Brajkovich I., Breckenkamp J., Brenner H., Brewster L.M., Bruno G., Bugge A., Busch M.A., de León A.C., Cacciottolo J., Can G., Cândido APC, Capanzana M.V., Capuano E., Capuano V., Cardoso V.C., Carvalho J., Casanueva F.F., Censi L., Chadjigeorgiou C.A., Chamukuttan S., Chaturvedi N., Chen C.J., Chen F., Chen S., Cheng C.Y., Cheraghian B., Chetrit A., Chiou S.T., Chirlaque M.D., Cho B., Cho Y., Chudek J., Claessens F., Clarke J., Clays E., Concin H., Confortin S.C., Cooper C., Costanzo S., Cottel D., Cowell C., Crujeiras A.B., Csilla S., Cui L., Cureau F.V., D'Arrigo G., d'Orsi E., Dallongeville J., Damasceno A., Dankner R., Dantoft T.M., Dauchet L., Davletov K., De Backer G., De Bacquer D., de Gaetano G., De Henauw S., de Oliveira P.D., De Ridder D., De Smedt D., Deepa M., Deev A.D., Dehghan A., Delisle H., Dennison E., Deschamps V., Dhimal M., Di Castelnuovo A.F., Dika Z., Djalalinia S., Dobson A.J., Donfrancesco C., Donoso S.P., Döring A., Dorobantu M., Dragano N., Drygas W., Du Y., Duante C.A., Duda R.B., Dzerve V., Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E., Eddie R., Eftekhar E., Eggertsen R., Eghtesad S., Eiben G., Ekelund U., El Ati J., Eldemire-Shearer D., Eliasen M., Elosua R., Erasmus R.T., Erbel R., Erem C., Eriksen L., Eriksson J.G., Escobedo-de la Peña J., Eslami S., Esmaeili A., Evans A., Faeh D., Fall C.H., Faramarzi E., Farjam M., Fattahi M.R., Felix-Redondo F.J., Ferguson T.S., Fernández-Bergés D., Ferrante D., Ferrari M., Ferreccio C., Ferrieres J., Föger B., Foo L.H., Forslund A.S., Forsner M., Fouad H.M., Francis D.K., do Carmo Franco M., Franco O.H., Frontera G., Fujita Y., Fumihiko M., Furusawa T., Gaciong Z., Galvano F., Gao J., Garcia-de-la-Hera M., Garnett S.P., Gaspoz J.M., Gasull M., Gazzinelli A., Geleijnse J.M., Ghanbari A., Ghasemi E., Gheorghe-Fronea O.F., Ghimire A., Gianfagna F., Gill T.K., Giovannelli J., Gironella G., Giwercman A., Goltzman D., Gonçalves H., Gonzalez-Chica D.A., Gonzalez-Gross M., González-Rivas J.P., González-Villalpando C., González-Villalpando M.E., Gonzalez A.R., Gottrand F., Graff-Iversen S., Grafnetter D., Gregor R.D., Grodzicki T., Grøntved A., Grosso G., Gruden G., Gu D., Guallar-Castillón P., Guan O.P., Gudmundsson E.F., Gudnason V., Guerrero R., Guessous I., Gunnlaugsdottir J., Gupta R., Gutierrez L., Gutzwiller F., Ha S., Hadaegh F., Haghshenas R., Hakimi H., Hambleton I.R., Hamzeh B., Hantunen S., Kumar R.H., Hashemi-Shahri S.M., Hata J., Haugsgjerd T., Hayes A.J., He J., He Y., Hendriks M.E., Henriques A., Herrala S., Heshmat R., Hill A.G., Ho S.Y., Ho S.C., Hobbs M., Hofman A., Homayounfar R., Hopman W.M., Horimoto ARVR, Hormiga C.M., Horta B.L., Houti L., Howitt C., Htay T.T., Htet A.S., Htike MMT, Huerta J.M., Huhtaniemi I.T., Huisman M., Hunsberger M.L., Husseini A.S., Huybrechts I., Hwalla N., Iacoviello L., Iannone A.G., Ibrahim M.M., Wong N.I., Iglesia I., Ikeda N., Ikram M.A., Iotova V., Irazola V.E., Ishida T., Islam M., Al-Safi Ismail A., Iwasaki M., Jacobs J.M., Jaddou H.Y., Jafar T., James K., Jamrozik K., Janszky I., Janus E., Jarvelin M.R., Jasienska G., Jelakovic A., Jelakovic B., Jennings G., Jensen G.B., Jeong S.L., Jha A.K., Jiang C.Q., Jimenez R.O., Jöckel K.H., Joffres M., Jokelainen J.J., Jonas J.B., Jørgensen T., Joshi P., Joukar F., Józwiak J., Juolevi A., Kafatos A., Kajantie E.O., Kalter-Leibovici O., Kamaruddin N.A., Kamstrup P.R., Karki K.B., Katz J., Kauhanen J., Kaur P., Kavousi M., Kazakbaeva G., Keil U., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S., Kelishadi R., Keramati M., Kerimkulova A., Kersting M., Khader Y.S., Khalili D., Khateeb M., Kheradmand M., Khosravi A., Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U., Kiechl S., Killewo J., Kim H.C., Kim J., Kim Y.Y., Klumbiene J., Knoflach M., Ko S., Kohler H.P., Kohler I.V., Kolle E., Kolsteren P., König J., Korpelainen R., Korrovits P., Kos J., Koskinen S., Kouda K., Kowlessur S., Kratzer W., Kriemler S., Kristensen P.L., Krokstad S., Kromhout D., Kujala U.M., Kurjata P., Kyobutungi C., Laamiri F.Z., Laatikainen T., Lachat C., Laid Y., Lam T.H., Lambrinou C.P., Lanska V., Lappas G., Larijani B., Latt T.S., Laugsand L.E., Lazo-Porras M., Lee J., Lee J., Lehmann N., Lehtimäki T., Levitt N.S., Li Y., Lilly C.L., Lim W.Y., Lima-Costa M.F., Lin H.H., Lin X., Lin Y.T., Lind L., Linneberg A., Lissner L., Liu J., Loit H.M., Lopez-Garcia E., Lopez T., Lotufo P.A., Lozano J.E., Luksiene D., Lundqvist A., Lundqvist R., Lunet N., Ma G., Machado-Coelho GLL, Machado-Rodrigues A.M., Machi S., Madar A.A., Maggi S., Magliano D.J., Magriplis E., Mahasampath G., Maire B., Makdisse M., Malekzadeh F., Malekzadeh R., Rao K.M., Manios Y., Mann J.I., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Manzato E., Marques-Vidal P., Martorell R., Mascarenhas L.P., Mathiesen E.B., Matsha T.E., Mavrogianni C., McFarlane S.R., McGarvey S.T., McLachlan S., McLean R.M., McLean S.B., McNulty B.A., Mediene-Benchekor S., Mehdipour P., Mehlig K., Mehrparvar A.H., Meirhaeghe A., Meisinger C., Menezes AMB, Menon G.R., Merat S., Mereke A., Meshram I.I., Metcalf P., Meyer H.E., Mi J., Michels N., Miller J.C., Minderico C.S., Mini G.K., Miquel J.F., Miranda J.J., Mirjalili M.R., Mirrakhimov E., Modesti P.A., Moghaddam S.S., Mohajer B., Mohamed M.K., Mohammad K., Mohammadi Z., Mohammadifard N., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohan V., Mohanna S., Yusoff MFM, Mohebbi I., Mohebi F., Moitry M., Møllehave L.T., Møller N.C., Molnár D., Momenan A., Mondo C.K., Monterrubio-Flores E., Moosazadeh M., Morejon A., Moreno L.A., Morgan K., Morin S.N., Moschonis G., Mossakowska M., Mostafa A., Mota J., Motlagh M.E., Motta J., Msyamboza K.P., Muiesan M.L., Müller-Nurasyid M., Mursu J., Mustafa N., Nabipour I., Naderimagham S., Nagel G., Naidu B.M., Najafi F., Nakamura H., Námešná J., Nang EEK, Nangia V.B., Nauck M., Neal W.A., Nejatizadeh A., Nenko I., Nervi F., Nguyen N.D., Nguyen Q.N., Nieto-Martínez R.E., Nihal T., Niiranen T.J., Ning G., Ninomiya T., Noale M., Noboa O.A., Noto D., Nsour M.A., Nuhoğlu I., O'Neill T.W., O'Reilly D., Ochoa-Avilés A.M., Oh K., Ohtsuka R., Olafsson Ö., Olié V., Oliveira I.O., Omar M.A., Onat A., Ong S.K., Ordunez P., Ornelas R., Ortiz P.J., Osmond C., Ostojic S.M., Ostovar A., Otero J.A., Owusu-Dabo E., Paccaud F.M., Pahomova E., Pajak A., Palmieri L., Pan W.H., Panda-Jonas S., Panza F., Parnell W.R., Patel N.D., Peer N., Peixoto S.V., Peltonen M., Pereira A.C., Peters A., Petersmann A., Petkeviciene J., Peykari N., Pham S.T., Pichardo R.N., Pigeot I., Pilav A., Pilotto L., Piwonska A., Pizarro A.N., Plans-Rubió P., Plata S., Pohlabeln H., Porta M., Portegies MLP, Poudyal A., Pourfarzi F., Poustchi H., Pradeepa R., Price J.F., Providencia R., Puder J.J., Puhakka S.E., Punab M., Qorbani M., Bao T.Q., Radisauskas R., Rahimikazerooni S., Raitakari O., Rao S.R., Ramachandran A., Ramos E., Ramos R., Rampal L., Rampal S., Redon J., Reganit PFM, Revilla L., Rezaianzadeh A., Ribeiro R., Richter A., Rigo F., Rinke de Wit T.F., Rodríguez-Artalejo F., Del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez M., Rodríguez-Villamizar L.A., Roggenbuck U., Rojas-Martinez R., Romaguera D., Romeo E.L., Rosengren A., Roy JGR, Rubinstein A., Ruidavets J.B., Ruiz-Betancourt B.S., Russo P., Rust P., Rutkowski M., Sabanayagam C., Sachdev H.S., Sadjadi A., Safarpour A.R., Safiri S., Saidi O., Saki N., Salanave B., Salmerón D., Salomaa V., Salonen J.T., Salvetti M., Sánchez-Abanto J., Sans S., Santaliestra-Pasías A.M., Santos D.A., Santos M.P., Santos R., Saramies J.L., Sardinha L.B., Sarrafzadegan N., Saum K.U., Savva S.C., Sawada N., Sbaraini M., Scazufca M., Schaan B.D., Schargrodsky H., Scheidt-Nave C., Schienkiewitz A., Schipf S., Schmidt C.O., Schöttker B., Schramm S., Sebert S., Sein A.A., Sen A., Sepanlou S.G., Servais J., Shakeri R., Shalnova S.A., Shamah-Levy T., Sharafkhah M., Sharma S.K., Shaw J.E., Shayanrad A., Shi Z., Shibuya K., Shimizu-Furusawa H., Shin D.W., Shin Y., Shirani M., Shiri R., Shrestha N., Si-Ramlee K., Siani A., Siantar R., Sibai A.M., Silva DAS, Simon M., Simons J., Simons L.A., Sjöström M., Skaaby T., Slowikowska-Hilczer J., Slusarczyk P., Smeeth L., Snijder M.B., Söderberg S., Soemantri A., Sofat R., Solfrizzi V., Somi M.H., Sonestedt E., Sørensen TIA, Jérome C.S., Soumaré A., Sozmen K., Sparrenberger K., Staessen J.A., Stathopoulou M.G., Stavreski B., Steene-Johannessen J., Stehle P., Stein A.D., Stessman J., Stevanović R., Stieber J., Stöckl D., Stokwiszewski J., Stronks K., Strufaldi M.W., Suárez-Medina R., Sun C.A., Sundström J., Suriyawongpaisal P., Sy R.G., Sylva R.C., Szklo M., Tai E.S., Tamosiunas A., Tan E.J., Tarawneh M.R., Tarqui-Mamani C.B., Taylor A., Taylor J., Tell G.S., Tello T., Thankappan K.R., Thijs L., Thuesen B.H., Toft U., Tolonen H.K., Tolstrup J.S., Topbas M., Topór-Madry R., Tormo M.J., Tornaritis M.J., Torrent M., Torres-Collado L., Traissac P., Trinh OTH, Truthmann J., Tsugane S., Tulloch-Reid M.K., Tuomainen T.P., Tuomilehto J., Tybjaerg-Hansen A., Tzourio C., Ueda P., Ugel E., Ulmer H., Unal B., Uusitalo HMT, Valdivia G., Valvi D., van Dam R.M., van der Schouw Y.T., Van Herck K., Van Minh H., van Rossem L., Van Schoor N.M., van Valkengoed IGM, Vanderschueren D., Vanuzzo D., Varbo A., Varona-Pérez P., Vasan S.K., Vatten L., Vega T., Veidebaum T., Velasquez-Melendez G., Venero-Fernández S.J., Veronesi G., Verschuren WMM, Victora C.G., Vidiawati D., Viet L., Villalpando S., Vioque J., Virtanen J.K., Visvikis-Siest S., Viswanathan B., Vlasoff T., Vollenweider P., Voutilainen A., Wade A.N., Wagner A., Walton J., Bebakar WMW, Mohamud WNW, Wang M.D., Wang N., Wang Q., Wang Y.X., Wang Y.W., Wannamethee S.G., Wedderkopp N., Wei W., Whincup P.H., Widhalm K., Widyahening I.S., Wiecek A., Wijga A.H., Wilks R.J., Willeit J., Willeit P., Wilsgaard T., Wojtyniak B., Wong-McClure R.A., Wong A., Wong T.Y., Woo J., Woodward M., Wu F.C., Wu S., Xu H., Xu L., Yan W., Yang X., Yasuharu T., Ye X., Yeow T.P., Yiallouros P.K., Yoosefi M., Yoshihara A., You S.L., Younger-Coleman N.O., Yusoff A.F., Zainuddin A.A., Zakavi S.R., Zali M.R., Zamani F., Zambon S., Zampelas A., Zaw K.K., Zdrojewski T., Vrkic T.Z., Zhang Z.Y., Zhao W., Zhen S., Zheng Y., Zholdin B., Zhussupov B., Zoghlami N., Cisneros J.Z., Gregg E.W., Ezzati M.
ISSN
1476-4687 (Electronic)
ISSN-L
0028-0836
Publication state
Published
Issued date
06/2020
Peer-reviewed
Oui
Volume
582
Number
7810
Pages
73-77
Language
english
Notes
Publication types: Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Publication Status: ppublish
Publication Status: ppublish
Abstract
High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries <sup>1,2</sup> . However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world <sup>3</sup> and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health <sup>4,5</sup> . However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular risk-changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.
Keywords
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Bayes Theorem, Cholesterol, HDL/blood, Cholesterol, LDL/blood, Female, Humans, Hypercholesterolemia/blood, Hypercholesterolemia/epidemiology, Internationality, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardial Ischemia/blood, Myocardial Ischemia/epidemiology, Stroke/blood, Stroke/epidemiology, Triglycerides/blood, Young Adult
Pubmed
Open Access
Yes
Create date
30/07/2020 7:29
Last modification date
30/04/2021 6:36
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