OBJECTIVES: New onset of diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) is a known complication of renal transplantation, but early glycaemic status after transplantation has not been described prospectively. This study aimed to assess blood glucose (BG) levels immediately following kidney transplantation in non-diabetic subjects and to explore their relationship to later graft outcomes and NODAT occurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Over a 9-month period, 43 consecutive non-diabetic patients who received a kidney transplant were prospectively investigated. During the first 4 days after transplantation, fasting BG was measured and the 24-h BG profile assessed by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Capillary BG was measured on hospital admittance and at least four times a day for CGM calibration thereafter. All adverse events were recorded, and fasting BG and HbA1c were assessed at 3, 6 and 12 months and at the last visit to our centre. RESULTS: Immediately following renal transplantation, capillary BG was 12.2 +/- 3.8 mmol/L. On day 1 (D1), fasting BG was 9.9 +/- 4.3 mmol/L and decreased to 6.0 +/- 1.5 mmol/L on D3. The CGM-reported mean 24-h BG (mmol/L) was 10.2+/-2.4 on D1, 7.7 +/- 1.3 on D2 and 7.5 +/- 1.1 on D3. From D1 to D4, 43% of patients spent>12h/day with BG levels>7.7 mmol/L. While morbidity during the 3 months following transplantation appeared unrelated to BG, the first post-transplantation capillary BG measurement and fasting BG on D1 tended to be higher in patients who developed diabetes 3 months later. Tacrolimus treatment was associated with a higher incidence of dysglycaemia at 3 and 6 months. After a mean follow-up of 72 months, NODAT was frequently seen (18.6%), and was associated with tacrolimus medication (P<0.01) and a higher rate of renal transplantation failure (RR: 3.6, P<0.02). CONCLUSION: Hyperglycaemia appears to be a nearly constant characteristic immediately following transplantation in non-diabetic kidney recipients. Higher BG values could identify patients at risk for later post-transplant diabetes and graft failure.