High resolution computed tomography (CT) is an imaging technique of choice for the evaluation of most lesions of the bronchial tree, particularly those affecting the small airways. This technique can confirm the diagnosis of bronchiectasis with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity and can contribute to the diagnosis of bronchiolitis (particularly diffuse panbronchiolitis and bronchiolitis obliterans) as well as other inflammatory diseases of the airways. CT can also reliably detect obstructive bronchial lesions such as tumours or broncholithiasis and can provide key information useful for the diagnosis of bronchial fistula, dehiscence or bronchial rupture, in addition to the study of numerous congenital pulmonary malformations. This article describes the computed tomography techniques recommended in each clinical situation and review the computed tomographic signs of all diseases of the airways.