This paper focuses on the construction of an integrated model of technological systems. The model has two purposes:
1. (1) to clarify the scope and relations of various concepts in this field, especially the concepts of technology, of national systems of innovation, and of technological systems; and
2. (2) to provide a framework in which to study the conceptualization and construction of evolving technological systems.
These purposes require the creation of new concepts and the redefinitions of some familiar ones. The model is structured at four levels of aggregation:
1. (1)the individual;
2. (2)the organizational;
3. (3)the sectoral; and
4. (4)the national.
From within this structure we can identify parallaxes, or changes in the appearance of each of the four levels as the level from which observation takes place is changed. The structure of the model and the concept of parallax serve to clarify some important complexities of the dynamics of the system within which technological change takes place.