Stratigraphy of the Kashmir and the Himalaya has a long story. The first scheme was
established by Lydekker (1883) who divided the Paleozoic rocks into the “Metamorphic”,
Panjal and Zanskar systems.
Triassic stratigraphy of Himalayan Range was studied first by Griesbach (1880). During his
Survey of the Central Himalaya, he discovered the Otoceras ammonoid and he was the first
who understood the importance of this fossil to mark the base of the Triassic Series and the
Permian-Triassic boundary. During the Year 1895 appears three masterly works
1-The Mojsisovics, Waagen and Diener (1985) paper with the Lower Triassic subdivision
proposal made by Waagen and Diener. In their paper, they strongly advised the use of the
Otoceras Beds described in the Central Himalaya to define the base of the Triassic.
2- In the same year, Wilhelm Waagen (1895) published an impressive paleontological work
on the Salt Range fossils.
3- On the footsteps of C. Griesbach, Carl Diener explored the Central Himalaya and published
his survey in 1895.
Following Wilhelm Waagen, Diener visited also the Salt Range, then the Permian-Triassic
sections in Kashmir. He founded also Otoceras in Spiti sections and made comparisons with
the Shalshal Cliff in the Central Himalaya (Diener, 1912). All these extensive paleontological
collections have been carefully stored at the Geological Survey of India in Calcutta.