Cerebral protection combines techniques aimed 1) to avoid death of neurones which sustained primary ischemic of traumatic insults and 2) to prevent secondary insults to the brain. The chemical brain retractor concept includes the use of a total intravenous anesthesia technique, mild hypocapnia and mannitol with strict monitoring and maintenance of the global cerebral homeostasis. This contributes to decrease brain volume and intracranial pressure and allows the best possible access to the operating site, while avoiding excessive pressure under the surgical brain retractors. Neuronal protection is based on a better understanding of the biological basis of secondary brain damage; therapeutic or prophylactic techniques include the use of specific pharmacological agents, hypothermia, hemodilution and maintenance of an elevated cerebral perfusion pressure. In short, although the favourable effects of such techniques are nor easy to demonstrate in man, their use in today's clinical practice, in association with the concept of the chemical brain retractor, is an effective way to prevent ischemic cerebral insults during neurosurgical procedures.