The hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome encodes two envelope glycoproteins (E1 and E2). These glycoproteins interact to form a noncovalent heterodimeric complex which in the cell accumulates in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-like structures. The transmembrane domain of E2, at least, is involved in HCV glycoprotein complex localization in this compartment. In principle, ER localization of a protein can be the consequence of actual retention in this organelle or of retrieval from the Golgi. To determine which of these two mechanisms is responsible for HCV glycoprotein complex accumulation in the ER, the precise localization of these proteins was studied by immunofluorescence, and the processing of their glycans was analyzed. Immunolocalization of HCV glycoproteins after nocodazole treatment suggested an ER retention. In addition, HCV glycoprotein glycans were not modified by Golgi enzymes, indicating that the ER localization of these proteins is not because of their retrieval from the cis Golgi. Retention of HCV glycoprotein complexes in the ER without retrieval suggests that this compartment plays an important role for the acquisition of the envelope of HCV particles. A true retention in the ER was also observed for E2 expressed in the absence of E1 or for a chimeric protein containing the ectodomain of CD4 in fusion with the transmembrane domain of E2. These data indicate that, in HCV glycoprotein complex, the transmembrane domain of E2, at least, is responsible for true retention in the ER, without recycling through the Golgi.