Interaction of Leishmania with the host macrophage induces the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses favoring parasite survival
Details
Serval ID
serval:BIB_155EFDD982E1
Type
PhD thesis: a PhD thesis.
Collection
Publications
Institution
Title
Interaction of Leishmania with the host macrophage induces the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses favoring parasite survival
Director(s)
Fasel Nicolas
Institution details
Université de Lausanne, Faculté de biologie et médecine
Publication state
Accepted
Issued date
2020
Language
english
Abstract
Le parasite protozoaire Leishmania est responsable de la leishmaniose, qui fait partie des maladies tropicales négligées. Principalement concentrée dans les pays du Sud-Est asiatique, l’Afrique de l’Est et l’Amérique latine, la leishmaniose est aussi endémique dans différents pays méditerranéens. Actuellement, la leishmaniose touche plus de 12 millions de personnes dans le monde, causant 30.000 morts par année, représentant la deuxième cause de mortalité due à un parasite protozoaire, après la malaria. La transmission des Leishmania spp. a lieu lors de la piqure des femelles de la mouche des sables. La leishmaniose cutanée est la manifestation la plus commune, avec le plus souvent des ulcères localisés au niveau du site d’inoculation. Parmi ces espèces, Leishmania guyanensis (Lgy) est responsable de la leishmaniose cutanée en Amérique du Sud. Entre 5 et 10% des cas évoluent vers des formes chroniques métastatiques avec la formation de lésions de la peau distantes de l’infection primaire, induisant une leishmaniose mucocutanée. L’échec du traitement et la rechute clinique sont fortement liés aux formes métastatiques de la leishmaniose. Différents facteurs ont été associés à cet échec de traitement tels que des modifications génétiques au sein du parasite ou des modifications de la réponse de l’hôte par le parasite. En outre, le Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1), qui se trouve dans les parasites Lgy, a été corrélé aux rechutes cliniques ainsi qu’à l’exacerbation de la maladie. L’ARN double-brin (dsRNA) du LRV1 est reconnu par le récepteur Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3), qui induit une réponse hyper-inflammatoire avec la production de cytokines pro-inflammatoires et d’interférons de type 1 (IFN-I). La contribution du LRV1 dans la réponse au stress oxydatif par le système immunitaire de l’hôte pour restreindre la croissance du parasite n’a pas encore été identifiée. Dans ce mémoire, nous avons étudié l’activation du nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) dans les macrophages conduit à une protection de Leishmania face à la production d’espèces réactives à l’oxygène (ROS), détournant le contrôle des gènes de réponse antioxydants à son avantage. Nous avons également étudié les mécanismes sous-jacents responsables de la persistance des parasites en présence de LRV1. Nous avons montré que l’infection par les parasites Leishmania active fortement la voie de signalisation NRF2 indépendamment du LRV1. Dans notre modèle de leishmaniose inflammatoire causée par LRV1, l’activation de NRF2 non seulement améliore la persistance du parasite, mais également restreint la réponse pro-inflammatoire et la destruction des tissus, comme reporté dans les cas de leishmaniose chronique. En outre, nous avons montré que LRV1 induit la survie des macrophages et la persistance des parasites via la voie de signalisations AKT. Nos données confortent le mutualisme tripartite entre Leishmania, LRV1, macrophage en tant que stratégie du parasite pour améliorer sa virulence. Cette combinaison favorise aussi l'exacerbation de la maladie rendant plus difficile la gestion clinique de la leishmaniose.
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The intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania is responsible for leishmaniasis, which is one of the most neglected tropical diseases in the world. Mostly concentrated in countries within South East Asia, East Africa and Latin America, leishmaniasis is also endemic in several Mediterranean countries. Currently, leishmaniasis affects over 12 million people worldwide causing 30,000 deaths each year, second in protozoan parasitic mortality rate after malaria. Leishmania spp. are transmitted by the bite of female phlebotomine sand flies. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of the disease, which generally manifest as self- healing lesion localized at the inoculation site. Among other species, Leishmania guyanensis (Lgy) is responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis in South America, where between 5-10% of the cases progress to chronic metastatic forms with the formation of skin lesions distant from the infection site such mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Treatment failure and clinical relapse are tightly associated with the metastatic forms of leishmaniasis. Different factors have been linked to this treatment failure such as genetic modifications within the parasite or changes in the host response by the parasite. In addition, the Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1), found within Lgy parasites is significantly associated with clinical relapse and disease exacerbation. The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of LRV1 is recognized by Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3) triggering pro-inflammatory signaling cascade with the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferon response (IFN-I). The contribution of LRV1 to the oxidative burst response, generated by the host immune system to restrict parasite growth has not been identified. In this thesis, we investigated whether Leishmania could protect itself from reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the activation of the host nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) and thereby controlling the expression of antioxidant response genes for its advantage. We also investigated the underlying mechanisms responsible for parasite persistence in the presence of LRV1. We found that Leishmania parasite infection strongly upregulated NRF2 pathway independently of LRV1. Our data revealed that in inflammatory leishmaniasis caused by LRV1, NRF2 activation not only enhanced parasite persistence but also restrained the pro-inflammatory response and tissue destruction as reported in chronic leishmaniasis. Additionally, we showed that LRV1 induces macrophage survival and parasite persistence via AKT signaling pathway. Our data support a growing body of evidence that indicates the tripartite mutualism between Leishmania/LRV1/macrophage as a strategy by the parasite to enhance its virulence. This combination also promotes disease exacerbation making the clinical management of leishmaniasis more complex.
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The intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania is responsible for leishmaniasis, which is one of the most neglected tropical diseases in the world. Mostly concentrated in countries within South East Asia, East Africa and Latin America, leishmaniasis is also endemic in several Mediterranean countries. Currently, leishmaniasis affects over 12 million people worldwide causing 30,000 deaths each year, second in protozoan parasitic mortality rate after malaria. Leishmania spp. are transmitted by the bite of female phlebotomine sand flies. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of the disease, which generally manifest as self- healing lesion localized at the inoculation site. Among other species, Leishmania guyanensis (Lgy) is responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis in South America, where between 5-10% of the cases progress to chronic metastatic forms with the formation of skin lesions distant from the infection site such mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Treatment failure and clinical relapse are tightly associated with the metastatic forms of leishmaniasis. Different factors have been linked to this treatment failure such as genetic modifications within the parasite or changes in the host response by the parasite. In addition, the Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1), found within Lgy parasites is significantly associated with clinical relapse and disease exacerbation. The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of LRV1 is recognized by Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3) triggering pro-inflammatory signaling cascade with the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferon response (IFN-I). The contribution of LRV1 to the oxidative burst response, generated by the host immune system to restrict parasite growth has not been identified. In this thesis, we investigated whether Leishmania could protect itself from reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the activation of the host nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) and thereby controlling the expression of antioxidant response genes for its advantage. We also investigated the underlying mechanisms responsible for parasite persistence in the presence of LRV1. We found that Leishmania parasite infection strongly upregulated NRF2 pathway independently of LRV1. Our data revealed that in inflammatory leishmaniasis caused by LRV1, NRF2 activation not only enhanced parasite persistence but also restrained the pro-inflammatory response and tissue destruction as reported in chronic leishmaniasis. Additionally, we showed that LRV1 induces macrophage survival and parasite persistence via AKT signaling pathway. Our data support a growing body of evidence that indicates the tripartite mutualism between Leishmania/LRV1/macrophage as a strategy by the parasite to enhance its virulence. This combination also promotes disease exacerbation making the clinical management of leishmaniasis more complex.
Create date
23/02/2021 9:58
Last modification date
24/02/2021 6:26