The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is involved in many age-dependent neurological deficits, including numbness, pain, restless legs, trouble with walking and balance that are commonly found in the elderly. These symptoms generally result from demyelination and/or loss of axonal integrity. However, the precise identity of age-regulated molecular changes in either neuronal or glial compartments of the nerve is unclear. Interestingly, these deficiencies are also present in inherited neuropathies, where the expressivity of the rapid and early onset phenotypes is undeniably more severe than in normal aging. Nevertheless, especially the molecular changes underlying loss of axonal integrity in neuropathy condition are also poorly understood. To unravel molecular mechanisms affected by PNS aging, we used wildtype mice at 17 time-points from day of birth until senescence (28 months-old). For the neuropathy study, we focused on 56 day-old Schwann cell-specific neuropathy-inducing mutants, MPZCre/1/ LpinfE2-3/fE2-3 and MPZCre/1/ScapfE1/fE1 mice, that have, at this age, already developed neuropathic symptoms. Transcriptomes of dissected Schwann cell-containing endoneurium or sensory neuron-containing dorsal root ganglia have been analyzed throughout time or genotypes, using Illumina Bead Chips. Following data validation, we identified groups of differentially expressed genes in the development, aging and in the neuropathic mutants, in both glial and neuronal compartments. We detected substantial differences in the dynamics of changes in gene expression during development and aging between these two compartments. Furthermore, considering the above-mentioned phenotypic similarities, we integrated aging and mutant data. Interestingly, we observed that there are some parallels at the molecular level between processes involved in aging, which leads to less severe and more progressive PNS alterations, and in the rapid onset peripheral neuropathies. Apart from helping the understanding of molecular alterations underlying age-related PNS phenotypes, this data should also contribute to the identification of pathways that could be used as targets for therapeutical approaches to prevent complications associated with both aging and inherited forms of neuropathies.