Targeting of protein kinases and phosphatases to the cytoskeleton enhances the regulation of signal transduction events. The assembly of cytoskeletal signaling complexes facilitates the relay of messages from membrane receptors to specific sites on the actin cytoskeleton. These signals influence fundamental cell properties, such as shape, movement and division. Targeting of the cAMP-dependent kinase (PKA) to the cytoskeleton is achieved through interaction with A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). AKAPs maintain multivalent signaling complexes by binding additional enzymes, including kinases and phosphatases.