Neuronal glucose sensing mechanisms and circuits in the control of insulin and glucagon secretion.

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Version: Final published version
License: CC BY 4.0
Serval ID
serval:BIB_ED0D6A6312E2
Type
Article: article from journal or magazin.
Collection
Publications
Institution
Title
Neuronal glucose sensing mechanisms and circuits in the control of insulin and glucagon secretion.
Journal
Physiological reviews
Author(s)
Thorens B.
ISSN
1522-1210 (Electronic)
ISSN-L
0031-9333
Publication state
Published
Issued date
01/10/2024
Peer-reviewed
Oui
Volume
104
Number
4
Pages
1461-1486
Language
english
Notes
Publication types: Journal Article ; Review
Publication Status: ppublish
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is mainly under the control of the pancreatic islet hormones insulin and glucagon, which, respectively, stimulate glucose uptake and utilization by liver, fat, and muscle and glucose production by the liver. The balance between the secretions of these hormones is under the control of blood glucose concentrations. Indeed, pancreatic islet β-cells and α-cells can sense variations in glycemia and respond by an appropriate secretory response. However, the secretory activity of these cells is also under multiple additional metabolic, hormonal, and neuronal signals that combine to ensure the perfect control of glycemia over a lifetime. The central nervous system (CNS), which has an almost absolute requirement for glucose as a source of metabolic energy and thus a vital interest in ensuring that glycemic levels never fall below ∼5 mM, is equipped with populations of neurons responsive to changes in glucose concentrations. These neurons control pancreatic islet cell secretion activity in multiple ways: through both branches of the autonomic nervous system, through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and by secreting vasopressin (AVP) in the blood at the level of the posterior pituitary. Here, we present the autonomic innervation of the pancreatic islets; the mechanisms of neuron activation by a rise or a fall in glucose concentration; how current viral tracing, chemogenetic, and optogenetic techniques allow integration of specific glucose sensing neurons in defined neuronal circuits that control endocrine pancreas function; and, finally, how genetic screens in mice can untangle the diversity of the hypothalamic mechanisms controlling the response to hypoglycemia.
Keywords
Animals, Glucagon/metabolism, Humans, Insulin/metabolism, Neurons/metabolism, Glucose/metabolism, Insulin Secretion/physiology, Islets of Langerhans/metabolism, autonomic nervous system, glucagon, glucose sensing, hypothalamus, insulin
Pubmed
Open Access
Yes
Create date
03/05/2024 16:05
Last modification date
20/07/2024 7:19
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