Hot topics in infectiology mainly include emerging diseases, particularly those caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Prudent use of antibiotics is therefore mandatory. Among new classes of antibiotics for outpatients therapy are linezolid (for resistant, Gram-positive bacterial, and telithromycine (for treatment of respiratory tract infections). This review also addresses the following topics: short course of doxycycline for treatment of early Lyme disease in adults, recommendations against the widespread use of fluoroquinolones for community-acquired pneumonia, prevention of Herpes simplex type 2 transmission with valacyclovir, management of acute, symptomatic hepatitis C, and the absence of an established link between vaccines and chronic diseases.