The understanding of the innate immunity, the first line of the host defence, was significantly modified following the sequential discovery of innate immune receptors such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the NOD-like receptors (NLRs). In response to recognition of microbial patterns or danger signals, some NLRs assemble a multimolecular platform termed as the inflammasome. Inflammasome assembly leads to the activation of the proinflammatory caspase-1. Consequently, an inflammatory immune response is mounted along with a programmed cell death, called pyroptosis. This review summarizes recent advances in the knowledge of the inflammasome and its role in auto-inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, and most common metabolic, cardiovascular or rheumatic diseases.