Several bacterial species belonging to the Gammaproteobacteria possess intrinsic class A β-lactamase genes that may represent a source of further dissemination and acquisition to other Gram-negative species. Here we characterised KSA-1 class A β-lactamase, the gene of which was identified within the chromosome of an environmental Enterobacterales species, namely Kosakonia sacchari, which was also recently identified as the progenitor of an MCR-like colistin-resistance determinant.
In silico analysis using the GenBank database identified a class A β-lactamase gene within the chromosome of K. sacchari SP1 (GenBank accession no. WP_017456759). The corresponding protein KSA-1 shared 63% amino acid identity with the intrinsic CKO-1 from Citrobacter koseri and 53% with TEM-1. Using the K. sacchari DSM 100203 reference strain as a template, bla _KSA-1 was amplified, cloned into the plasmid pUCp24 and expressed in Escherchia coli TOP10. Minimal inhibitory concentrations and kinetic parameters were obtained from the purified enzyme.
K. sacchari strain SP1 conferred resistance to amino-, carboxy- and ureido-penicillins only. Once produced within E. coli, KSA-1 showed a typical clavulanic acid-inhibited extended spectrum β-lactamase associated with a peculiar temocillin resistance profile. Kinetic assays were performed using a purified extract of KSA-1 and demonstrated a high hydrolysis rate for benzylpenicillin and piperacillin, as well as weakly extended spectrum cephalosporins. Determination of inhibitory constants showed 50% inhibitory concentration values of 2.2, 3 and 1.8 nM for clavulanic acid, tazobactam and avibactam, respectively. Analysis of sequences surrounding the bla _KSA-1 gene did not reveal any mobile element that could have been involved in the acquisition of this β-lactamase gene in that species.
KSA-1 is a class A extended spectrum β-lactamase distantly related to known extended spectrum or broad-spectrum Ambler class A β-lactamases, which is highly resistant to temocillin. The bla _KSA-1 gene could be considered as intrinsic within the species.