Provenance determination of archaeological remains is a valuable tool for reconstruction of past exchange networks. Among these materials, oyster shells are ubiquitous in sites from all prehistorical and historical periods. Thus, they seem to be promising candidates for provenance identification as they include chemical elements from the environment in their shells, which implies that an elemental fingerprint of the region of origin can be recorded in the shell composition. In this study, we present elemental measurements from 15 groups of modern and archaeological shells from 13 continental localities in mainland France and the island of Corsica (western Mediterranean Sea). Two of these localities had two oyster species (Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea edulis). Results indicate that (i) a species-specific elemental fingerprint exists and (ii) the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea provenances can be identified for O. edulis shells. Moreover, if the shell originated from a locality only partially connected to the ocean (e.g. an estuary or lagoon), a fingerprint specific to the watershed can also be observed, even between groups originating from the same bay. Using these measurements as reference fingerprints, we characterize the Mediterranean origin of two groups of shells unearthed at Lyons (central France, 200 km away from the nearest shoreline), dated from the 1st c. CE.