Aceh Province (northernmost Sumatra) is well endowed with immensely species-rich forests (which harbor rare megafauna) and unspoiled coastal environments. In December 2004 a tsunami caused immense disaster and flung the province into international spotlight, also ending a long-lasting conflict. The province has since entered an era of almost unfettered “development.” This chapter reviews Aceh’s natural heritage and history, and the many services provided by forests and coastal ecosystems. The costs and benefits of deforestation are compared with conservation scenarios. A thematic focus is set on (1) coastal ecosystems—posttsunami restoration and sustainable management; (2) peat swamp forests—importance for carbon sequestration, and exigencies for protection and restoration; and (3) biodiversity conservation in the Leuser and Ulu Masen ecosystems—management of critically endangered megafauna (rhinoceros, tigers, elephants, orangutans). The chapter stresses benefits of effective conservation approaches, including improved land resource spatial planning, community education and partnerships for development, and the capacitation of lawfulness.