Important epidemiological developments include the continuing dissemination of Influenza A H5N1. It is not adapted to human beings, but its potential to cause a pandemic is confirmed. Chikungunya has spread around the Indian Ocean. A new resistant Staphylococcus aureus in increasingly prevalent in the community. Finally, a virulent strain of Clostridium difficile is emerging in North America and Europe. New therapeutic developments are scarce. Several studies promote a rational use of available antibiotics, for instance through wait-and-see prescription for acute otitis media, or appropriate use of urinary cultures in elderly patients. A new Papillomavirus vaccine is now available for prevention of cervical cancer.