Our self-consciousness allows us to know that we exist and to situate ourselves in the world. However, self-consciousness also makes us realize that our existence is characterized by vulnerabilities, that we are individuals with experiences which cannot be experienced by the other and that we will not escape finitude. This selfconsciousness is usually in the background of our mind but may be brought to centre stage in case of illnesses which evolve toward death. Certain disciplines of medicine try to consider the existential dimensions of disease. The question remains what medicine can offer in such situations and why and for whom interventions to increase the well-being of patients under existential threat are proposed. An analysis of these developments needs to focus not only on patients, but also the clinician, medicine, and society.