The review is focused on developmental aspects of the neuronal cytoskeleton, its molecular composition and the intracellular distribution of its elements. It includes a survey of the molecular properties of several cytoskeletal proteins such as tubulins, microtubule-associated proteins, neurofilament subunits, actins and brain spectrins. Furthermore it is addressed how microtubules, neurofilaments, microfilaments and the spectrin-based membrane cytoskeleton are involved in the generation of the neuronal cytoarchitecture, and how changes in the molecular composition of the cytoskeleton during the differentiation process of a neuron may correlate with cell function.