Seventy-two Listeria monocytogenes isolates originating from 10 different fish products of 12 producers and 47 isolates from human listeriosis cases were typed by serotyping and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Seventy-five of these isolates were further subtyped by restriction analysis of genomic DNA with the enzyme XhoI and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using the enzymes ApaI and SmaI. The results show that several L. monocytogenes clones identified by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis are frequently found in fish products of different origins. One of these clones is the same as another previously shown to be frequently associated with meat and meat products. The epidemic-associated electrophoretic type 1 was only rarely found in fish products. No association was found between any type of fish product and a particular lineage of L. monocytogenes. Both long-term persistence of a strain and simultaneous presence of several clearly distinct strains in the products of single producers were observed. The comparison of L. monocytogenes isolates from human clinical listeriosis cases in Switzerland and those from imported fish products by use of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis showed that they do not form two clearly distinct lineages but nevertheless belong to two separate populations. None of the 48 subtypes distinguished by the combination of all four typing methods could be found in both populations of human origin and those of fish origin.