Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a serious complication of solid organ transplantation (SOT). Most PTLD cases are associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. The role of antiviral prophylaxis or rituximab therapy for prevention of PTLD in SOT recipients is controversial. In a nationwide cohort, we assessed the incidence, presentation, and outcome of histologically proven PTLD. We included 4765 patients with a follow-up duration of 23 807 person-years (py). Fifty-seven PTLD cases were identified; 39 (68%) were EBV positive (EBV+ PTLD). Incidence rates for EBV+ PTLD at 1, 2, and 3 years posttransplant were 3.51, 2.24, and 1.75/1000 py and 0.44, 0.25, and 0.29/1000 py for EBV- PTLD. We did not find an effect of antiviral prophylaxis on early and late EBV+ PTLD occurrence (early EBV+ PTLD: SHR 0.535 [95% CI 0.199-1.436], p = .264; late EBV+ PTLD: SHR 2.213, [95% CI 0.751-6.521], p = .150). However, none of the patients (0/191) who received a rituximab-containing induction treatment experienced PTLD, but 57 of 4574 patients without rituximab induction developed PTLD. In an adjusted restricted mean survival time model, PTLD-free survival was significantly longer (0.104 years [95% CI 0.077-0.131]) in patients receiving rituximab as induction treatment. This study provides novel data on the association of rituximab induction and reduced risk for PTLD.