The prevalence of infertility and the use of assisted reproductive treatment (ART) have been increasing worldwide in recent years. It appeared relevant to conduct a literature review on the safety of these techniques regarding the neurodevelopment and mental health of children and adolescents especially after in vitro fertilization. ART represents obstetrical risk factors. However, the published results are reassuring on the neurodevelopmental level as well as on the cognitive, psychomotor and language levels and on the behavioral and emotional levels among children and adolescents resulting from ART.