The neurons of origin of ascending extrathalamic projections to the auditory cortex were labeled retrogradely with WGA-HRP injected in physiologically identified auditory cortical fields of the cat (anterior (AAF), primary (AI), posterior (PAF) and secondary (AII) fields). After injection in the tonotopically organized auditory cortical fields (AAF, AI and PAF), labeled neurons were distributed in 7 extrathalamic subcortical regions included in one or the other of 2 distinct systems of ascending projections to the neocortex. In the 'diffuse' system of projection, labeled neurons were observed bilaterally in the locus coeruleus, the nuclei of the raphe, the lateral hypothalamus, ipsilaterally in the ventromedial mesencephalic tegmentum and the basal forebrain; in the 'accessory sensory' system of projection, labeled neurons were found ipsilaterally in the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus and bilaterally in the claustrum. After injection in AII, labeled neurons were seen only in the 'diffuse' system of projection. For AAF and AI, the major contribution to the total extrathalamic ascending input originated from the lateral hypothalamus, whereas for AII it was the locus coeruleus. In contrast, PAF received extrathalamic ascending inputs mainly from the claustrum. Anterogradely labeled corticofugal terminal fields were found only in the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus and, after injection in PAF, in the claustrum.