Des sciences naturelles aux sciences de la vie. Changements et continuités des élites académiques de la biologie et de la chimie en Suisse au xxe siècle
Details
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State: Public
Version: After imprimatur
License: Not specified
Serval ID
serval:BIB_51A018A230E9
Type
PhD thesis: a PhD thesis.
Collection
Publications
Institution
Title
Des sciences naturelles aux sciences de la vie. Changements et continuités des élites académiques de la biologie et de la chimie en Suisse au xxe siècle
Director(s)
BUHLMANN Félix
Codirector(s)
MACH André
Institution details
Université de Lausanne, Faculté des sciences sociales et politiques
Publication state
Accepted
Issued date
2019
Language
french
Abstract
Cette thèse porte sur les élites académiques de la biologie et de la chimie en Suisse au XXe siècle. Elle a été menée dans le cadre du projet FNS « Academic Elites in Switzerland: between Autonomy and Power » (2013-2017) et s’appuie largement sur les données prosopographiques de la base « Elites suisses au XXe siècle » exploitée dans le cadre du projet. La thèse propose un focus sur l’évolution de la hiérarchie des disciplines au travers des profils, des carrières et des réseaux des professeurs sur cinq cohortes (1910, 1937, 1957, 1980 et 2000) qui structurent les espaces de la biologie et de la chimie. Définis comme des élites académiques, les professeurs ordinaires et extraordinaires occupent les positions les plus élevées de la hiérarchie des postes académiques. Au sein du champ académique, les individus sont dotés de diverses ressources scientifiques, mais aussi institutionnelles, internationales et extra-académiques, dont l’importance relative détermine le degré d’autonomie du champ, une autonomie relative et changeante qui sert de cadre à l’activité scientifique et rend possibles certaines transformations de la hiérarchie des disciplines. Cette thèse apporte un éclairage encore très peu exploité sur les développements de la chimie et de la biologie en Suisse au XXe siècle, entre dynamiques de différenciations institutionnelles et de rapprochements dans le domaine des sciences de la vie. Elle mobilise diverses méthodes de traitement des données prosopographiques, telles que l’analyse des correspondances multiples, l’analyse de séquences, l’analyse de réseaux et les modèles linéaires généralisés pour aborder quatre axes de questionnements : les reconfigurations institutionnelles des disciplines, l’évolution du profil des professeurs au regard de leur dotation différenciée en ressources spécifiques et l’analyse longitudinale des carrières professorales, les collaborations interdisciplinaires et le capital social issus des réseaux de co-requêtes de projets financés par le FNS et, enfin, les enjeux de l’adoption du modèle de l’université entrepreneuriale et son impact sur les carrières des professeurs entre académie et secteur privé. Elle s’attache ainsi, par un focus sur deux disciplines qui ont participé à transformer les sciences naturelles au XXe siècle, à explorer les conséquences de l’affirmation des sciences de la vie sur l’organisation des disciplines dans un contexte de transformation des modes de production du savoir.
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This dissertation focuses on the academic elites of biology and chemistry in Switzerland over the 20th century. It was carried out within the framework of the SNSF project “Academic elites in Switzerland: between Autonomy and Power” (2013-2017), and relies on prosopographical data about all university professors of the two disciplines at five benchmarks (1910, 1937, 1957, 1980 and 2000). These data widely stem from the “Database of Swiss elites”, which is the main source of the project. It offers a focus on the evolution of the hierarchy of disciplines through the changing profiles, careers and scientific networks of these professors, which structure the spaces of biology and chemistry. Defined as academic elites, ordinary and extraordinary professors occupy the highest positions within academia. These individuals are endowed with scientific, but also institutional, international and extra-academic resources, whose relative importance determines the degree of autonomy of the field. This relative autonomy serves as framework for the scientific activity and draws a box around the changing hierarchy of disciplines. This dissertation sheds light on the development of biology and chemistry in Switzerland in the 20th century, between the dynamics of institutional differentiations and convergences in the field of life sciences. It mobilizes various methods to process extensive prosopographical data, such as multiple correspondence analysis, sequence analyis, network analysis and generalized linear models to address four axes of inquiry: it first investigates the institutional reconfigurations of disciplines, then the evolution of the profile of professors with regard to their differentiated endowment in specific resources as well as the longitudinal analysis of their careers, thirdly the interdisciplinary collaborations and social capital as measured from the network of co-applications for research projects funded by the SNSF and, finally, the challenges raised by the entrepreneurial university and its impact on professoral careers. It thus sets out, by focusing on two disciplines which participated in transforming the natural sciences in the 20th century, to explore the consequences of the affirmation of the life sciences on the organization of disciplines in the changing context of the production of knowledge.
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This dissertation focuses on the academic elites of biology and chemistry in Switzerland over the 20th century. It was carried out within the framework of the SNSF project “Academic elites in Switzerland: between Autonomy and Power” (2013-2017), and relies on prosopographical data about all university professors of the two disciplines at five benchmarks (1910, 1937, 1957, 1980 and 2000). These data widely stem from the “Database of Swiss elites”, which is the main source of the project. It offers a focus on the evolution of the hierarchy of disciplines through the changing profiles, careers and scientific networks of these professors, which structure the spaces of biology and chemistry. Defined as academic elites, ordinary and extraordinary professors occupy the highest positions within academia. These individuals are endowed with scientific, but also institutional, international and extra-academic resources, whose relative importance determines the degree of autonomy of the field. This relative autonomy serves as framework for the scientific activity and draws a box around the changing hierarchy of disciplines. This dissertation sheds light on the development of biology and chemistry in Switzerland in the 20th century, between the dynamics of institutional differentiations and convergences in the field of life sciences. It mobilizes various methods to process extensive prosopographical data, such as multiple correspondence analysis, sequence analyis, network analysis and generalized linear models to address four axes of inquiry: it first investigates the institutional reconfigurations of disciplines, then the evolution of the profile of professors with regard to their differentiated endowment in specific resources as well as the longitudinal analysis of their careers, thirdly the interdisciplinary collaborations and social capital as measured from the network of co-applications for research projects funded by the SNSF and, finally, the challenges raised by the entrepreneurial university and its impact on professoral careers. It thus sets out, by focusing on two disciplines which participated in transforming the natural sciences in the 20th century, to explore the consequences of the affirmation of the life sciences on the organization of disciplines in the changing context of the production of knowledge.
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03/03/2020 11:41
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