For more than 30 years, cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has been administered to patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, the benefit is modest. With the advent of modern immunotherapies, new therapeutic strategies are also opening up to bladder cancer. Unfortunately, the initial results in the neoadjuvant context show a response rate of only 20-35 %. Other therapeutic strategies, such as Pan-FGFR inhibitors, do not show better response. Due to the high genetic variability of bladder cancer, a « one drug fits all » concept is not an ideal solution. Patient selection based on the probability of response appears to be a promising strategy to improve this modest benefit of each treatment. In this context, the NAC will also continue to play an important role.