Catholics and Protestants differ in terms of social autonomy versus heteronomy. We propose that the regulation of behavior in accordance with social norms depends on the social control exercised by an authority for Catholics more than it does for Protestants. Two experiments measured cheating behavior (the transgression of a social norm), as a function of the religious group (Protestant vs. Catholic) and social control (with vs. without). Catholics were found to be more responsive to social control, that is, to cheat less when social control was salient; whereas, Protestants' behavior did not depend on this dimension. In Study 2, intrinsic–extrinsic religiousness was found to mediate this difference. Results are discussed with regard to the effects of public policies based on social control.